This book presents advances in the interdisciplinary field of microRNA research of human cancers from a unique perspective of quantitative sciences: bioinformatics, computational and systems biology, and mathematical modeling. This volume contains adaptations and critical reviews of state-of-the-art studies, ranging from technological advances in microRNA detection and profiling, clinically oriented microRNA profiling in several human cancers, to a systems biology analysis of global patterns of microRNA regulation of signaling and metabolic pathways. It discusses interactions with transcription factor regulatory networks and mathematical modeling of microRNA regulation.