Precision Medicine for Long and Safe Permanence of Humans in Space serves as a reference to assist with the diagnosis of medical conditions (e.g., microgravity, space radiation), monitoring inflight, clinical decision-making inflight, disease prediction and prevention (pre- or postflight), and the facilitation of precision space medicine. This book defines the basic concepts of space health, fundamental physics, and biology in space and highlights the current applications, current challenges, and future directions in space medicine. Each chapter discusses precision medicine to a specific medical subspecialty, including cardiovascular disease, neurology, nephrology, endocrinology, ophthalmology, hepatology, hematology, pulmonology, emergency medicine, nutrition, dermatology, immunology, mental health, regenerative medicine, surgery, vascular surgery, anesthesiology, urology, OB-GYN, and male and female reproductive issues in space. Additionally, this book discusses current artificial intelligence (AI) technology in space, AI in commercial space industry, and recent space health progress worldwide (e.g., NASA, China, Japan, the Middle East). This book serves as an ideal companion for healthcare professionals, scientists, researchers, postdoctoral fellows, students, or anyone interested in space travel.