Launched in March 2010 by the European Commission, the Europe 2020 strategy aims to achieve “smart, sustainable, and inclusive” growth. The engines for this growth are

• Knowledge and innovation
• Greener and more efficient use
  of resources
• Higher employment combined with social and territorial cohesion

This CEPS report takes an in-depth look at this major initiative and finds that the strategy itself needs to be revised in several important respects. First, the authors believe, R & D spending per se is not the best indicator of innovativeness; a new measure, intangible capital, would be more appropriate. Second, while increasing the share of the workforce with a university degree is important for competitiveness and employment, it is the quality of that education that matters more than the quantity. The study also finds that employment targets would be better reached by a skills upgrade among women who have the least education. Concerning climate change, the authors conclude that unless the EU increases the level of its ambition and adds a carbon import tariff, reduction targets for greenhouse gas emissions are likely to have a negligible impact on global climate change.

Finally and more generally, the report argues that the 2020 strategy should acknowledge the importance of institutional efficiency at the national level.