Recently, the implication of biocompatible nanotechnologies has set the stage for an evolutionary leap in diagnostic imaging and therapy. In this scope, the book presents a comprehensive overview of the possible causes, diagnostic criteria, and treatment assessments of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and presents the recent findings using innovative, highly sensitive, and novel diagnostic molecular imaging approaches. In addition, the book offers new perspectives of an innovative and recently developed approach in neuroimaging using surface-enhanced nanoimaging microscopy, which can be a promising technique for early diagnosis and treatment assessments.